Avian Flu

CHP closely monitors human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) in Mainland

The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health recently announced it is closely monitoring a human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) on the Mainland.

The new case involves a 54-year-old man living in Changsha, Hunan. He was admitted for treatment on November 5, 2022, and was in critical condition.

Changsha is the 17th most populous city in China, with a population of about 10 million.

As of January 5, 2023, the CHP website says the Alert Response Level is activated under the Government's Preparedness Plan for Influenza Pandemic.

From 2014 to January 6, 2023, 82 human cases of avian influenza A(H5N6) have been reported by Mainland health authorities.

The CHP says travelers to the Mainland or other affected areas must avoid visiting wet markets, live poultry markets, or farms. And they should strictly observe personal and hand hygiene when visiting any place with live poultry.

Additionally, travelers returning from affected areas should consult a doctor promptly if symptoms develop.

Outbreaks caused by avian influenza viruses, including both highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza, occur in U.S. domestic poultry from time to time, says the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Since the H5N1 strain appeared in North America in January 2022, 47 states have been impacted, resulting in the loss of over 57.8 million birds as of January 4, 2023.

And a man working in Colorado was diagnosed with an influenza A H5N1 2.3.4.4b infection in 2022.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says multiple countries have reported more than 860 human infections with HPAI A(H5N1) viruses since 2003, with about 53% of those cases resulting in fatalities.

However, the WHO says the risk to humans remains low, and no sustained human-to-human transmission has been reported.

The U.S. government has approved one vaccine for a type of avian influenza and would distribute it if a person-to-person outbreak occurs.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized the Audenz™ vaccine.

And to dispel rumors, the FDA says annual flu shots do not protect people from avian influenza (bird flu) infections.

Other avian influenza (bird flu) news is posted at PrecisionVaccinations.com/Avian.

Sub Title:

China Centre for Health Protection reports human case of avian influenza A(H5N6)

References:

Alert Response Level for Influenza Pandemic is activated

North American Lineage Avian Influenza Viruses

HAPI in Commercial and Backyard Flocks 2022

CHP VOLUME 18, NUMBER 53

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by Simone Saponetto

U.S. Approaches Bird Flu Infection Record

Donald Hackett — Mon, 07 Nov 2022 21:06:43 +0000

Reviewer:

CDC - U.S. Approaches Record Number of Avian Influenza Outbreaks

The U.S. is quickly approaching a record number of wild birds and poultry affected by avian influenza, announced the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) last week.

Since early 2022, more than 49 million birds have either died due to a Eurasian H5N1 avian virus infection or have been culled due to exposure to infected birds.

As of November 7, 2022, this news is nearing the largest bird flu outbreak in the U.S. that occurred in 2015.

Even so, the number of states affected in 2022 is already more than double the number of states involved in 2015.

Avian influenza (AI) is caused by an influenza type A virus that can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, domestic ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and wild birds, especially waterfowl.

And the CDC says these are the first AI detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses since 2016.

Although the overall risk to the general public from the current bird flu outbreaks remains low, the CDC says it is essential that people take preventive measures around infected or potentially infected birds/poultry or other animals, including pets.

The CDC has been monitoring for illness among people exposed to the bird flu virus since late 2021.

To date, the CDC has tracked the health of more than 5,190 people with exposure to bird flu virus-infected birds, with just one human case reported in Colorado in April 2022.

Sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred in other countries after exposure to infected birds.

Internationally, 54 countries reported an H5N1 outbreak in birds in 2021 and 2022.

H5N1 bird flu viruses first emerged in southern China in 1996.

Since 2003, multiple countries have reported more than 860 human infections with HPAI A(H5N1) viruses to the World Health Organization, with about 53% of those cases resulting in fatalities.

And the CDC publishes: Past Reported Global Human Cases with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) by Country, 1997-2022.

To prevent AI infection, people should avoid unprotected contact with wild or domestic birds and poultry that look sick or have died.

Bird flu infections in people happen most often after close, prolonged, and unprotected (no gloves or other protective wear) contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated with bird flu viruses.

The CDC says if the person-to-person spread of bird flu were to occur, that would raise the public health threat to a pandemic level.

The U.S. FDA has approved a vaccine for one type of bird flu virus and could distribute it if a person-to-person avian influenza outbreak occurs.

CSL Seqirus' Audenz™ monovalent cell-based vaccine was initially approved in 2020.

On March 23, 2022, a peer-reviewed study published by the journal Vaccines reported, 'A cell-based process may be better suited for vaccine production during an HPAI pandemic.'

Moreover, the FDA says annual flu shots do not protect people from AI (bird flu) infections.

Other bird flu news and avian influenza vaccine development news are posted at PrecisionVaccinations.com/Avian.

PrecisionVaccinations publishes fact-checked, research-based vaccine information manually curated for mobile readers.

Sub Title:

Avian influenza vaccines protect humans from bird flu viruses

References:

2022 Confirmations of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

CDC: Global Human Cases with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

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by Lars Nissen

Even Raptors Are Losing To Avian Influenza Attacks

Don Hackett — Thu, 21 Apr 2022 17:28:20 +0000

Reviewer:

2022 Confirmations of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Commercial and Backyard Flocks

The United States is experiencing an unprecedented outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in wild birds.

As of April 20, 2022, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) had confirmed HAPI outbreaks in 29 states, impacting about 31 million birds that may have been de-populated.

The University of Minnesota Raptor Center Director recently stated, ‘the 2022 outbreak is unique due to very high levels of HPAI circulating in wildlife.’

‘It is important to remember that all bird species are susceptible to HPAI,’ wrote Dr. Victoria Hall, DVM, MS, DACVPM, with the University of Minnesota Raptor Center.

The latest positive H5 avian influenza test results included raptors, which are “birds of prey,” including bald eagles, hawks, and owls.

As of April 18, 2022, the Raptor Center had sampled 90 raptors for HPAI.

Of these, 37 have tested positive for HPAI, including 16 Great Horned Owls, 13 Bald Eagles, 7 Red-Tailed Hawks, and 1 Barred Owl.

‘In wildlife, we know the most about how this virus works and presents in waterfowl, shorebirds, seabirds- as these are the groups of birds who are most likely to carry and shed the virus without showing signs of illness.’

‘We know some about how this virus impacts groups of birds like raptors, as these birds often get severely sick and rapidly die from the virus,’ added Dr. Hall.

Avian influenza viruses are classified as either “low pathogenic” or “highly pathogenic” based on their genetic features and the severity of the disease they cause in poultry.

Avian-origin influenza viruses are broadly categorized based on a combination of two groups of proteins on the surface of the influenza A virus: hemagglutinin or “H” proteins, of which there are 16 (H1-H16), and neuraminidase or “N” proteins, of which there are 9 (N1-N9).

Each combination is considered a different subtype, and related viruses within a subtype may be a lineage, says the USDA.

‘Unfortunately, we have a lot of gaps in knowledge about the role of songbirds in HPAI outbreaks. We have some data from previous outbreaks worldwide, but this outbreak is very different,” added Dr. Hall.

What about Hummingbirds!?

‘In the world of bird feeders, hummingbird feeders are not without risk,’ wrote Jen Cedarleaf, the Avian Director, Alaska Raptor Center.

‘In areas with HPAI transmission, consider pausing the use of bird feeders and baths for the next couple of months until the virus transmission rate in wild birds is reduced.’

‘However, hummingbirds have the lowest risk as they tend to have a much more limited group of birds visiting them,’ commented Cedarleaf.

The Alaska Raptor Center clarified there are 320 species of diurnal raptors (hawks, eagles, falcons, kites, harriers, and osprey) worldwide. In the U.S., there are 34 diurnal raptor species and 19 species of owls.

Fortunately, the movie highlighting the velociraptor has not been seen for many years!

From a human perspective, the U.S. CDC says the HPAI risk is ‘low.’ There have not been any human cases of AI viruses detected in the U.S.

According to the CDC, there is no evidence that people have gotten ‘bird flu' after eating properly cooked poultry products.

If bird flu begins passing between people, a vaccine is available to limit an avian influenza pandemic. The U.S. FDA previously authorized the AUDENZ monovalent vaccine for restricted use.

Additional avian influenza news is posted at PrecisionVaccinations.com/avian.

PrecisionVaccinations publishes fact-checked research-based news.

Sub Title:

HAPI outbreaks reach 29 states impacting about 31 million birds in 2022

References:

Avian Influenza

Alaska Raptor Center

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USDA

About 50% of U.S. States Have Reported Avian Influenza Outbreaks

Don Hackett — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 18:44:13 +0000

Reviewer:

USDA Confirms Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Massachusetts, Wyoming, North Carolina, Ohio and North Dakota

The recent announcement from the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) continued expanding westward and is now impacting about half of U.S.

On March 30, 2022, the USDA added a non-commercial, mixed-species backyard flock (non-poultry) in Massachusetts; a non-commercial, mixed-species backyard flock (non-poultry) in Wyoming; a commercial poultry flock in North Carolina; a non-commercial backyard chicken flock (non-poultry) in Ohio; and a non-commercial, backyard chicken flock (poultry) in North Dakota.

The total number of U.S. states reporting HPAI in birds has reached twenty-three states, depopulating about 16 million birds.

And to the north, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency reported H5N1 outbreaks beginning in December 2021, which signaled the first HPAI identification in the Americas since June 2015.

Furthermore, the World Organisation for Animal Health confirmed on March 2, 2022, the presence of HPAI in a bald eagle that had died near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

These confirmations serve as a potent reminder that avian influenza (AI) is spreading in wild bird populations in the U.S. as they migrate worldwide.

The USDA continues to remind anyone with poultry or other susceptible birds to practice good biosecurity habits to protect them from infectious AI.

From a recent food market impact perspective, the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship (IDALS) reported its tenth HPAI outbreak in 2022.

A recent confirmation was from a layer chicken farm with about 1.4 million birds in Guthrie County. And two outbreaks occurred at commercial turkey farms in Hamilton County, which had 28,000 birds, and in Buena Vista County.

AI viruses, such as the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, can, on rare occasions, cause disease in humans. According to the U.S. CDC, transmission to humans occurs when people have had close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.

Due to the potential for human infection, it is recommended that people working with poultry suspected of being infected with AI or in contact with such poultry wear protective clothing, face masks, goggles, gloves, and boots.

However, as of March 31, 2022, the CDC says the HPAI risk to humans is ‘low.’ There have not been any human cases of AI viruses detected in the U.S.

Internationally, about 54 countries reported an H5N1 outbreak in birds in 2021 and 2022.

And since 2003, various countries reported more than 860 total human infections with HPAI A(H5N1) viruses to the World Health Organization, with about 53% of those resulting in a fatality.

While there is no evidence that anyone has gotten ‘bird flu’ after eating properly cooked poultry products, uncooked poultry and poultry products like blood could have been the source of a small number of human bird flu infections in Southeast Asia, says the CDC.

Available data on bird flu viruses spreading worldwide suggest that most bird flu virus infections would respond to treatment with flu antiviral medicines if treatment starts quickly after symptoms begin. However, some evidence shows flu antiviral drugs may not work as well against some A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) bird flu viruses.

And the annual ‘flu shot’ does not offer protection.

But should there become a human-to-human bird flu pandemic, the U.S. government does have a vaccine for one type of H5N1 bird flu virus in inventory and could distribute it needed.

The U.S. FDA has authorized Seqirus' AUDENZ (Influenza A(H5N1) monovalent vaccine for restricted use.

Additional avian influenza news is posted at PrecisionVaccinations.com/avian.

PrecisionVaccinations publishes fact-checked research-based news.

Note: This news article edited various content sources for clarity and was manually curated for mobile readers.

Sub Title:

Highly pathogenic avian influenza has reached 23 states in 2022

References:

Influenza A viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-), Canada

Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship and USDA APHIS Confirm Fourth Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in B

CDC: Update: H5N1 Bird Flu Poses Low Risk to the Public

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) News For 2022

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Wild Birds Carrying Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Are Landing

Don Hackett — Sat, 19 Mar 2022 12:14:46 +0000

Reviewer:

USDA Confirms Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in a Non-Commercial Backyard Flock (Non-Poultry) in New Hampshire

Unusual ‘bird-flu’ announcements continue to reach new areas and expand within U.S. states during 2022. Migrating wild birds infected with Avian influenza (AI) are actively carrying the disease without showing visible signs of illness.

Unlike recent years, the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has already confirmed 385 birds carrying the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus as of March 17, 2022.

These free-flying wild birds can carry multiple strains of the avian influenza viruses. For example, in the U.S., the HPAI wild bird detections primarily involve the Eurasian H5N1 strain.

Unlike Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus strains that occur naturally in wild migratory waterfowl and shorebirds without causing illness, HPAI virus strains are highly infectious and can spread rapidly from flock-to-flock.

According to USDA, HPAI carrying wild birds can include chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, domestic ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and waterfowl, such as ducks, geese, and shorebirds.

With the recent detections of the Eurasian H5 strain in wild birds and domestic poultry, bird owners should review their biosecurity practices and stay vigilant to protect poultry and pet birds from this disease.

Since the middle of January 2022, the presence of HPAI has been confirmed in 38 locations. This past week HPAI detections in flocks included but are not limited to Rockingham County, New Hampshire, and Merrick County, Nebraska.

State officials quarantined these premises, infected birds are depopulated and do not enter the food system, says the USDA.

APHIS stated ‘it is working closely with State partners on surveillance, reporting, and control efforts,’ but ‘anticipates additional AI detections as wild bird surveillance continues into the spring (2022).’

The USDA’s website integrates a search box to filter data by County, State, Date, Flock Type, etc., keeping track of local confirmations while increasing consumer visibility.

Animal influenzas, such as avian influenza, share genetic similarities with the human flu viruses. Because of their potential to evolve genetically and be passed to humans, avian influenza viruses are considered a public health concern.

Humans have been infected with bird flu on several occasions, including the episode of global concern in 2005 - 2006 when the subtype H5N1 virus spread to humans.

According to the U.S. CDC, the recent HPAI detections do not present an immediate public health concern. No human cases of these avian influenza viruses have been detected in the United States.

However, even if the risk of bird flu transmission to humans remains low, these sporadic zoonotic infections remind us that the threat of an influenza pandemic persists.

If humans contract HPAI and pass the virus to others, that is considered a ‘pandemic influenza’ outbreak.

The U.S. government does have 'bird flu' vaccine inventories and would distribute them if there was an HPAI outbreak that spread quickly from person to person.

The U.S. FDA previously authorized Seqirus' AUDENZ (Influenza A(H5N1) monovalent vaccine, and the government has continued to secure access to related products via contract extensions.

From a global perspective, the USDA reports these findings to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and international trading partners.

Setting international standards on surveillance, the OIE works with global partners like the WHO to collect scientific information on animal flu viruses. OIE trade guidelines call on member countries not to impose bans on the international trade of poultry commodities in response to such notifications.

On March 3, 2022, OIE epidemiologist Dr. Lina Awada was interviewed by a reporter at the radio France Culture and offered keen insights regarding avian influenza risks in 2022. Access to this audio is available at this weblink.

The CDC suggests avoiding poultry farms, bird markets, and other places where poultry are raised, kept, or sold to prevent contracting bird flu. And practice hygiene and cleanliness when preparing or eating raw or undercooked poultry products.

Moreover, cook poultry products at high temperatures.

Previously fact-checked avian influenza news can be found at PrecisionVaccinations.com/avian.

Note: This news article integrated content from various government sources and was edited for clarity, then curated for mobile readers.

Sub Title:

Avian influenza cases are expected in the U.S. through Spring 2022

References:

2022 Confirmations of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Commercial and Backyard Flocks

OIE: Avian Influenza

CDC: H5N1 Bird Flu Virus in U.S. WIld Birds and Poultry Poses a Low Risk to the Public

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Bird Flu Continues Landing in the USA

Don Hackett — Tue, 15 Feb 2022 22:26:18 +0000

Reviewer:

USDA Confirms Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in a Flock of Commercial Broiler Chickens in Kentucky and Backyard Mixed Species

The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed on February 14, 2022, the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in birds in two U.S. states.

In Kentucky, a flock of commercial broiler chickens in Fulton County, and a backyard flock of mixed-species birds in Fauquier County, Virginia, were infected with HPAI.

APHIS stated officials quarantined the affected premises, and birds on the properties will be depopulated to prevent the spread of the disease. Moreover, birds from these flocks will not enter the human food system.

As a reminder, the USDA says proper handling and cooking of poultry and eggs to an internal temperature of 165 ˚F kills most bacteria and viruses.

Anyone involved with poultry production, from the small backyard to the large commercial producer, should review their biosecurity activities to assure the health of their birds.

The USDA is working with its partners to actively look for the disease in commercial poultry operations, live bird markets, and migratory wild bird populations.

Previously, the USDA confirmed HPAI in a commercial turkey flock in Indiana on February 9, 2022. This was the first documented case of HPAI in commercial poultry in the U.S. since 2020.

USDA stated it ‘will continue reporting these findings to the World Organisation for Animal Health and international trading partners. ‘

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), these avian influenzas (AI) detections do not present an immediate public health concern. In addition, no human cases of these avian influenza viruses have been detected in the U.S.

However, China continues to report AI cases.

The Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health today announced it is closely monitoring two human cases of avian influenza A(H5N6) in the Mainland.

Since 2014, there have been 67 human cases of A(H5N6) reported by Mainland health authorities.

Separately, the U.K recently reported 78 cases of avian influenza H5N1 in England.

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by various viruses such as the seasonal flu, avian influenza, swine influenza, and pandemic influenza.

Avian influenza is caused by an influenza type A virus that can infect poultry such as chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, domestic ducks, geese, and guinea fowl and is carried by free flying waterfowl such as ducks, geese, and shorebirds.

AI viruses are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins: hemagglutinin or “H” proteins, of which there are 16 (H1–H16), and neuraminidase or “N” proteins, of which there are 9 (N1–N9).

Many different combinations of “H” and “N” proteins are possible. Each combination is considered a different subtype and can be further broken down into different strains which circulate within flyways/geographic regions.

AI viruses are further classified by their pathogenicity (low or high)—the ability of a particular virus strain to produce disease in domestic poultry.

AI cases in U.S. commercial and backyard flocks will be listed on the APHIS website.

Additional information on biosecurity for backyard flocks can be found here.

Furthermore, the U.S. CDC says the annual 'flu shot' does not prevent AI infections in humans. But there are specific vaccines available for these avian influenza diseases.

Vax-Before-Travel publishes fact-checked research-based travel vaccine news.

Sub Title:

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza cases recently confirmed in China, UK, and USA

References:

CHP closely monitors two human cases of avian influenza A(H5N6) in Mainland

Avian influenza (bird flu): cases and disease control zones in England

ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA VACCINES 2022

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U.S. Prepares for the Next Pandemic Influenza Outbreak

Don Hackett — Tue, 23 Nov 2021 22:55:34 +0000

Reviewer:

Seqirus Announces U.S. FDA Approval for Multi-Dose Vial Presentation of First-Ever Adjuvanted, Cell-Based Pandemic Influenza Vac

New Jersey-based Seqirus announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted supplemental approval of a multi-dose vial presentation of the AUDENZ™ pandemic influenza vaccine.

AUDENZ is the first-ever adjuvanted, cell-based influenza vaccine designed to help protect individuals six months of age and older against influenza A(H5N1) in the event of a pandemic.

The U.S. FDA initially approved this novel influenza vaccine in February 2020 in a single dose, prefilled syringe presentation.

Under the terms of a public-private partnership established in 2009, Seqirus positioned itself to deliver 150 million influenza vaccine doses to the U.S. government to support an influenza pandemic response.

"Producing AUDENZ in multi-dose vials allows for increased speed and efficiency, which is absolutely critical to help protect public health in the case of an influenza pandemic," said Marc Lacey, Executive Director, Pandemic Response Solutions, Seqirus, in a press release.

"According to the U.S. CDC, the influenza A(H5N1) virus is highly pathogenic and has high pandemic potential, so it's critical to be prepared.

Pandemic influenza is a contagious airborne respiratory disease that is unpredictable in timing and severity and is different from the annual flu virus, avian influenza, and swine influenza says the CDC.

Currently, there is no circulating strain of any A(H2Nx) influenza virus in humans.

The risk of influenza-associated morbidity and mortality is greater with pandemic influenza than with seasonal influenza because there is likely little or no pre-existing immunity to the virus in the human population.

Four influenza pandemics have occurred over the past century, with the 1918 pandemic being the most severe in recent history, estimated to have killed up to 50 million people worldwide.

According to the CDC, a novel influenza A virus such as the highly pathogenic avian A(H5N1) strain can cause severe disease and high mortality rates.

If the influenza A(H5N1) virus were to change and become easily transmissible from person to person while retaining its capacity to cause severe disease, the consequences for public health could be very serious, with an approximate 60% mortality rate.

For example, H2Nx strains circulated in avian reservoirs and triggered the 1957 pandemic, which caused an estimated 1.1 million deaths worldwide and 116,000 deaths in the United States.

AUDENZ combines Seqirus' proprietary MF59® adjuvant technology with its cell-based manufacturing platform. Cell-based manufacturing, an alternative to traditional egg-based manufacturing, avoids egg-adapted changes, a source of strain mismatch between the vaccine and circulating influenza virus.

Influenza vaccines using the MF59® adjuvant are designed to enhance and broaden the body's immune response by creating broad, cross-reactive antibodies.

This adjuvant is an essential part of pandemic preparedness planning as it reduces the amount of antigen required to produce an immune response, increasing the number of doses of the vaccine developed so that a large number of people can be vaccinated as quickly as possible.

Since 2009, Seqirus has had a longstanding partnership with the U.S. government.

In partnership with the U.S. government, Seqirus and its legacy companies have developed vaccines against 12 different pre-pandemic strains since 2006, including H5, H7, and H1.

In October 2021, Seqirus announced a new $34.95 million agreement with Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority to develop two influenza A(H2Nx) virus vaccines:

The first using the adjuvanted, cell-based combination platform technology used by AUDENZ™
The second is using Seqirus' next-generation self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) platform. Seqirus’ sa-mRNA platform, the next-generation version of today’s mRNA technology, builds on traditional mRNA technology by instructing the body to replicate mRNA, amplifying the amount of protein made.

Both cell-based and sa-mRNA technology are steps forward in achieving critical objectives found in the U.S. National Influenza Vaccine Modernization Strategy, which focuses on strengthening and diversifying influenza vaccine development, manufacturing, and supply chain.

Furthermore, Seqirus holds agreements with 30 governments to provide a strain-matched vaccine in the event of an influenza pandemic.

Seqirus is based in Summit, New Jersey and is part of CSL Limited, one of the largest influenza vaccine providers in the world.

PrecisionVaccinations publishes fact-checked research-based vaccine news.

Sub Title:

Seqirus AUDENZ is the first adjuvanted, cell-based pandemic influenza vaccine

References:

Seqirus Awarded U.S. Government Contract to Develop Two Pandemic Influenza Vaccines

National Influenza Vaccine Modernization Strategy (NIVMS) 2020-2030

Audenz Influenza A(H5N1) Vaccine

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Wednesday, November 24, 2021 - 06:15

China Confirms Rare Bird Flu Case

Don Hackett — Tue, 01 Jun 2021 22:20:31 +0000

Reviewer:

A case of human infection with H10N3 avian influenza detected in Jiangsu Province

China’s Health Emergency Office announced on June 1, 2021, the National Health Committee found a human case of H10N3 avian influenza in Jiangsu Province. Experts assessed that the complete genetic analysis of the Zoonotic Influenza virus showed that the H10N3 virus was of avian origin.

No human cases of H10N3 have been reported globally, said the related press release.

On April 23rd, the male patient displayed fever and other symptoms. On May 28th, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a whole-genome sequence determination on patient specimens, and the result was positive for the H10N3 virus.

Jiangsu Province immediately conducted local emergency monitoring and found no other abnormalities. The patient’s condition remains stable and meets the discharge standard.

The National Health Commission has instructed Jiangsu Province to carry out prevention plans and organized expert risk assessments.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says Zoonotic Influenza refers to diseases caused by animal influenza viruses, such as Bird Flu and Swine Flu. People can be infected with various influenza viruses circulating in animals, such as avian influenza virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) and swine influenza virus subtypes A(H1N1) and (H3N2).

As of May 6, 2021, a total of 239 cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus have been reported from four countries, including China, within the WHO’s Western Pacific Region since January 2003.

Of these ‘bird flu’ cases, 134 were fatal, resulting in a case fatality rate of 56%.

On May 20, 2021, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) announced the launch of the One Health High-Level Expert Panel to improve understanding of how diseases with the potential to trigger pandemics emerge and spread. The panel will guide developing a dynamic new research plan and draw up evidence-based recommendations for global, regional, national, and local action.

The panel will advise international organizations on developing a long-term global plan of action to avert outbreaks of diseases like H5N1 avian influenza, MERS; Ebola; Zika, and, possibly, COVID-19. Three-quarters of all emerging infectious diseases originate in animals, says the OIE.

Mr. Heiko Maas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Germany, commented, “COVID-19 has painfully reminded us that the health of humans, animals, and the environment around the world is closely connected. This is what we have to bear in mind to prevent future pandemics.”

“The establishment of the One Health High-Level Expert Panel marks an important step in the right direction. Germany and France will continue to support the panel’s work.”

Even though ‘Bird Flu’ and ‘Swine Flu’ viruses are found in humans, these animal viruses are distinct from human influenza viruses, says the U.S. CDC.

There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Wild aquatic birds, such as wild ducks, geese, swans, gulls, shorebirds, and terns, are the natural hosts for most influenza type A viruses, says the U.S. CDC.

PrecisionVaccinations publishes research-based influenza news.

Sub Title:

Human H10N3 avian influenza cases reported in Jiangsu China

References:

WHO: Human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses

CDC: Information on Avian Influenza

New international expert panel to address the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases

ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA VACCINES

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Novel Influenza Vaccines Identified for Pandemic Preparedness

Don Hackett — Thu, 11 Mar 2021 14:48:13 +0000

Reviewer:

WHO: Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pand

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently published a review of the zoonotic influenza virus activity and virus characterization and describes the current status of the development of vaccine candidates for pandemic preparedness purposes.

The development of influenza candidate vaccine viruses, coordinated by WHO, remains an essential component of the overall global strategy for influenza pandemic preparedness.

This WHO review on March 3, 2021, is meant to guide national authorities and vaccine companies on selecting candidate viruses for use in vaccine development: one targeting H5N8 and the other variant A/Netherlands/10370-1b/2020.

These experts proposed a vaccine targeted against a new H5N8 clade (2.3.4.4b) known as A/Astrakhan/3212/2020. The virus was found in human cases recently reported in Russia and is related to a clade reported in poultry and wild birds in Eurasia over the past several months.

The second vaccine candidate proposed is an H1v from a new lineage, 1C.2.1, known as A/Netherlands/10370-1b/2020. The WHO said the new virus is related to an H1N1v infection in the Netherlands.

A recent outbreak in Russia highlights the need for these novel vaccines.

In the Russian Federation, avian influenza A(H5N8) of clade 2.3.4.4 was isolated for the first time in 2014 in a wild bird in the northern region.

On February 18, 2021, the National IHR Focal Point for the Russian Federation notified the WHO of the detection of avian influenza A(H5N8) in seven human clinical specimens. This was the first reported detection of avian influenza A(H5N8) in humans. The age of seven positive cases ranged between 29 to 60 years, and five were female.

The surveillance activities, both within and outside of the containment area, were intensified.

A total of 24 close contacts of the confirmed cases have been identified and traced.

In total, 150 individuals were monitored for the clinical indication of respiratory disease and received antiviral prophylaxis therapy. No symptoms were reported among these individuals.

All the seven cases with PCR-positive results were clinically asymptomatic. All close contacts of these cases were clinically monitored, and no one showed signs of clinical illness.

Based on currently available information, the risk of human-to-human transmission remains low WHO advises.

These cases in Russia do not change the current WHO recommendations on public health measures and surveillance of animal and seasonal human influenza, which should continue to be implemented, says the WHO.

When avian influenza viruses circulate in an area, the people involved in high-risk tasks such as sampling sick birds, culling and disposing of infected birds, eggs, litter, and cleaning contaminated premises should be trained on how to protect themselves.

Respiratory transmission occurs mainly by droplets, disseminated by unprotected coughs and sneezes. Short-distance airborne transmission of influenza viruses may occur, particularly in crowded enclosed spaces.

Hand contamination, direct inoculation of a virus, exposure to infected birds, or virus-contaminated materials or environments are potential sources of infection, says the WHO.

Due to the continually evolving nature of influenza viruses, the WHO stresses the importance of surveillance activities to detect virological, epidemiological, and clinical changes associated with circulating influenza viruses.

PrecisionVaccinations publishes research-based vaccine news.

Sub Title:

Avian influenza vaccines are essential components of the global strategy for pandemic preparedness

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ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA

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Bird-Flu Outbreak Confirmed in China

Don Hackett — Sat, 30 May 2020 00:22:12 +0000

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Twiwan Centers for Disease Control: COVID-19

Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) recently raised its travel advisory for the Chinese provinces of Shandong and Fujian to a Level 2 Alert status, following reports of multiple children infected with avian influenza A (H9N2).

H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry, but also to humans, through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential.

During the May 25, 2020 update on Taiwan's coronavirus cases, Spokesman Chuang Jen-hsiang said the CECC Level 2 Alert requires arriving travelers to observe 14 days of self-health management and minimize the potential risks of H9N2 infections.

In addition, a Level 1 Watch has also been issued for all remaining areas of China.

According to CECC data, there have been 46 H9N2 human cases reported worldwide since 2013, primarily from China.

And, since October 2019, there have been 7 cases of H9N2 influenza reported in mainland China.

‘Whenever avian influenza viruses are circulating in poultry, there is a risk for sporadic infection and small clusters of human cases due to exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments,’ commented the World Health Organization on May 22, 2020.

Therefore, 'sporadic human cases are not unexpected.’

Influenza A viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are commonly characterized by their combinations of surface proteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), giving rise to a multitude of different subtypes designated, for example, H9N2.

Avian influenza was initially reported in 1878 in Italy to describe the disease resulted in massive poultry death, which was then termed as “Fowl plague” to distinguish from fowl cholera in 1880.

H9N2 viruses were first isolated from turkeys in the US state of Wisconsin in 1966.

In the following decades, the virus was occasionally isolated during sporadic outbreaks in poultry in the Northern USA, and from wild birds and domestic ducks throughout Eurasia.

In the early 1990s, the virus was first isolated from chickens in China. The H9N2 subtype avian influenza outbreak is firstly reported in Guangdong province in 1992.

Since then, this Chinese progenitor has become endemic in farmed poultry across much of Asia, the Middle East, and North and West Africa.

H9N2 viruses are a subtype that is endemic in poultry in many areas of Eurasia and Africa.

Within the WHO’s Risk assessment summary issued on May 8, 2020, the WHO confirmed the ‘overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low.’

‘Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals’

International travel alert news published by Vax-Before-Travel.

Sub Title:

Shandong Province China Travel Alert Raised to Level 2 regarding Influenza H9N2 cases

References:

WHO: Human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses

WHO: Avian Influenza Weekly Update Number 741

Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: Were they the donors of the internal genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong?

Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China

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Pandemic Avian Influenza Vaccine Passes Phase 2/3 Test

Don Hackett — Sun, 12 Jan 2020 18:14:36 +0000

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Influenza A/H5N1 Vaccine Clinical Trial (IVACFLU-A/H5N1) - Phase 1

A new vaccine study found a potential approach to counter pandemic threats from A(H5N1) influenza may include priming the population with an A(H5N1) vaccine and then boosting with a dose of the pandemic vaccine at the start of a pandemic.

This Phase 2/3 study was conducted by the Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals (IVAC) in Vietnam and was published on December 4, 2019. This research focused on the question ‘if an influenza pandemic were to occur, would there be a shortfall of vaccines for avian influenza A(H5N1).’

Avian influenza vaccines are known to be inherently less immunogenic as compared to vaccines derived from human strains, said these researchers.

In the Phase 3 trial conducted in Vietnam from March 2016 to August 2017, 630 participants were randomized to receive the IVACFLU-A/H5N1 vaccine candidate.

This investigational vaccine is an inactivated whole virion monovalent A(H5N1) influenza vaccine produced in embryonated eggs, inactivated with formaldehyde, and formulated with aluminum hydroxide.

The Phase 2/3 study was designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of 2-doses of the IVACFLU-A/H5N1 vaccine given 21 days apart.

The researchers reported the IVACFLU-A/H5N1 vaccine to be ‘well-tolerated and most of the adverse events were mild and of short duration.

And, the overall seroconversion rates were 68 percent for hemagglutination inhibition (HI), 51 percent for microneutralization (MN) and 56 percent for single radial hemolysis (SRH).

Additionally, the seroprotection rates for the IVACFLU-A/H5N1 vaccine were 44 percent for HI, 41 percent for MN and 55 percent for SRH. The GMT ratio was 5.31 and 3.7 for HI and MN respectively; GMA was 4.75 for the SRH.

One limitation of this study was the skewed randomization ratio of 5:1 for vaccine and placebo in the Phase 3 study. The smaller placebo group constrained a definite comparison of safety data, though this did not influence the interpretation of immunogenicity data.

This study’s findings are important since the first reported case of bird-to-human transmission in Hong Kong in 1997, to its subsequent reemergence in 2003, avian influenza A(H5N1) has gradually spread across the world, threatening lives wherever it circulates.

Moreover, Avian A(H5N1) influenza infection in people is associated with high mortality: globally, 454 deaths were reported in 860 cases between 2003 and 2018.

Recent Avian Influenza news

December 9, 2019 – The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced a $226 million dollar agreement to increase Sanofi Pasteur’s domestic pandemic influenza vaccine production capabilities in Pennsylvania.
September 3, 2019 – Seqirus presented data from various clinical studies demonstrating the ability of an MF59® adjuvanted influenza vaccine to increase immune responses when used in both seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, across pediatric and adult populations.

To address this global problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 launched a Global Action Plan on Influenza Vaccines (GAP) with the objective of expanding the development of influenza vaccines to counter the threat of influenza pandemics.

Since 2009, in partnership with Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services and WHO, have contributed to GAP by providing technical assistance to many vaccine manufacturers in developing countries.

This project has been funded in whole with Federal funds from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority,

Declaration of Competing Interest: Vien Chinh Chien and Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong, are employed with the Institute of Vaccine and Medical Biologics (IVAC), which manufactured the vaccine. Other authors have no financial/personal relationships that may be considered as potential competing interests.

Pandemic vaccine news published by Precision Vaccinations.

Sub Title:

IVACFLU-A/H5N1 is an inactivated whole virion monovalent A(H5N1) influenza vaccine candidate

References:

A Phase 2/3 double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy adult participants in Vietnam to examine the safety

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UK Offers Travel Advice When Visiting China

Danielle Reiter RN — Fri, 10 Jan 2020 13:42:48 +0000

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GOV.UK: Wuhan novel coronavirus and avian flu: advice for travel to China

Public Health England (PHE) announced it is monitoring the reported outbreak of a novel coronavirus in Wuhan City, China.

PHE said a statement published on January 10, 2020, ‘the risk to the UK population is very low and the risk to travelers to Wuhan is also low.’

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission has reported 59 cases of the disease so far, the majority of which appear to be connected to a seafood market in the city.

Furthermore, there have been no related fatalities reported and there is no evidence of transmission from person to person or any signs of illness among medical and nursing staff.

Dr. Nick Phin, National Infection Service Deputy Director at PHE, offered these comments on the reported Wuhan novel coronavirus:

‘Based on the available evidence, the risk to travelers to Wuhan from this disease is low and we are not advising them to change their plans.’
‘Travelers should seek medical attention if they develop respiratory symptoms within 14 days of visiting Wuhan, informing their health service prior to their attendance about their recent travel to the city.’
‘The UK has robust arrangements to manage emerging diseases and we can draw on our experience of developing pioneering diagnostic tests in humans for the coronaviruses - SARS and MERS.’
‘Besides the evolving situation in Wuhan, all travelers should also be aware of the risk of avian flu when visiting China during the Chinese New Year, or Spring Festival, which begins on January 25, 2020.’
‘In order to minimize the risk of transmission, people traveling to the area should maintain good hand and personal hygiene. ’

Human cases of avian influenza have recently been reported in China, and historically there have been more cases at this time of year. Cases have originated from several provinces and municipalities across mainland China, and there have been a small number of avian influenza cases among Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan residents who have traveled to mainland China.

The majority of reported human cases in China have had close contact with wild birds or poultry.

Although the risk is very low, Public Health England and the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) are reminding UK travelers to protect themselves from avian flu by minimizing exposure to wild birds and poultry.

Avian influenza remains a risk in a number of parts of China and if travelers experience coughing or difficulty breathing within 14 days of returning from China, they should report their recent travel to call their GP or call NHS 111.

Dr. Phin added these comments regarding avian flu.

‘Although the risk of avian flu to UK residents traveling to China remains very low, anyone planning to visit China, Hong Kong SAR or Taiwan, should minimize their exposure to any birds such as wild birds or live birds in ‘wet markets’ as a precaution.’
'We strongly urge people to avoid touching dead or dying birds and maintain good hand and personal hygiene.’

UK international travelers can check NaTHNaC’s TravelHealthPro website for current travel health recommendations for:

Previously, the World Health Organization issued a statement on January 9, 2020, which said 'Chinese authorities have made a preliminary determination of a novel (or new) coronavirus, identified in a hospitalized person with pneumonia in Wuhan. Chinese investigators conducted gene sequencing of the virus, using an isolate from one positive patient sample.'

On January 6, 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a notice which includes 'As of this posting, case-patients in the cluster reportedly have had a fever, difficulty breathing, and bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiograph.’

For patients with similar respiratory symptoms who recently traveled to Wuhan, the CDC suggests ‘healthcare providers consider pneumonia related to the cluster and notify infection control personnel and your local health department immediately.'

January 6, 2020 – The Hong Kong Department of Health has reported 2 suspected cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.

January 5, 2020 – The World Health Organization announced it had activated its disease incident management system and was closely monitoring the outbreak of an unidentified strain of viral pneumonia in central China.

January 3, 2020 – A new CDC Travel Alert has been published indicating the Dengue disease has become a risk for people in many parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands.

The CDC does identify various vaccines international travelers should discuss with a healthcare provider prior to visiting China.

International health and vaccination news published by Vax-Before-Travel.

Sub Title:

Public Health England is aware of a reported outbreak of a novel coronavirus in Wuhan City China

References:

CDC: Pneumonia of Unknown Cause in China

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UK University Empowers Vietnam To Expand Vaccine Production Technology

Don Hackett — Wed, 18 Dec 2019 16:20:44 +0000

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Future Vaccine Manufacturing Research (FVMR) Hub

Scientists from the University of Bristol are working with Vietnamese vaccine manufacturer Vabiotech to share cutting-edge knowledge that could prevent future global outbreaks of avian flu and rabies.

These scientists are meeting with universities and organizations in Hanoi, Danang and Ho Chi Minh city to forge new connections, as well as building on existing research partnerships.

Vabiotech and the University of Bristol are partners in the Future Vaccine Manufacturing Research Hub (FVMR Hub), a collaborative initiative led by Imperial College London and supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

"While rapidly developing countries, such as Vietnam, have an impressive capacity to manufacture vaccines tailored to local needs, this has historically been hampered by a lack of access to the cutting-edge innovations in vaccine technology we specialize in here in the UK," said Professor Imre Berger, Ph.D., in a press release.

"Our aim in working with Vabiotech is to share the knowledge that will aid and expedite the development of next-generation vaccines specifically for deployment in Vietnam."

Scientists from Vabiotech are being trained by Dr. Berger and his team in MultiBac, a powerful recombinant production technology the Berger team pioneered. The objective of this training is to master the MultiBac technique and implement the technology in large-scale bio-fermenters in Vietnam.

MultiBac is uniquely suited for producing novel vaccines in large quantities in insect cells that can be easily cultured at low-cost.

Together with Vabiotech and supported by the FVMR Hub, Dr. Berger is targeting the use of MultiBac towards the production of vaccines for pandemic (avian) influenza, as well as rabies and other pathogens.

“Vabiotech is particularly interested in using MultiBac to produce vaccines to combat avian flu. We saw a few years ago how quickly avian flu, which began in Vietnam, developed into a global threat for humans,” explained Dr. Berger.

The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 disease in poultry in 2003 and 2004 was unprecedented in its geographical extent, and its transmission to humans was an ominous sign, reported a National Institutes of Health study.

Since it was first detected here in December 2003, avian influenza H5N1 spread to South Korea (in December 2003), Japan, China and Thailand (January 2004), Indonesia (July 2004), Cambodia (February 2005) and North Korea (March 2005).

Even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. Twenty-three (68 percent) of these patients, mostly children and young adults, died of the disease by early 2004.

Another 6 confirmed human fatalities occurred in Vietnam during a resurgence of the epidemic during the summer of 2004.

“While the threat of avian flu in Vietnam still looms, deployment of a suitable vaccine could, therefore, help prevent future pandemics,” concluded Dr. Berger.

Recent avian flu vaccine news

Dr. Do Dat Tuan, President and Director General of Vabiotech, said: "As Vietnam's leading manufacturer of vaccines, our aim is to prevent, eliminate and gradually eradicate dangerous infectious diseases.”

Professor Imre Berger is Director of the Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, a partnership between the University of Bristol and the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) in Germany.

As part of the US government’s overall pandemic preparedness strategy, maintaining a stockpile of vaccine antigen and adjuvants for avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses with pandemic potential is essential, says the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

This strategy began in 1997, when avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses first spread from poultry directly to infect humans in Hong Kong, resulting in the deaths of 6 of 18 infected persons.

The goal of the CDC’s emergency strategy is to vaccinate 26 million people immediately after an influenza pandemic is declared by the US government.

To learn more about pandemic influenza planning and tools, check out the National Pandemic Strategy.

Pandemic vaccine news published by Precision Vaccinations

Sub Title:

Vabiotech and the University of Bristol are partners in the Future Vaccine Manufacturing Research Hub

References:

CDC: Asian Avian Influenza A (H5N1)

Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1): a Threat to Human Health

UK scientists bring innovative vaccine technology to Vietnam

Today's Pandemic Threat: H5N1 Influenza

VabioTech

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deltaFLU Vaccine Found Efficacious Against H5N1 Influenza

Don Hackett — Fri, 21 Jun 2019 18:03:07 +0000

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