IXCHIQ Chikungunya Vaccine

Pharmacy Information Systems Saved the Vaccine Industry

Donald Hackett — Mon, 26 May 2025 16:35:38 +0000

During the recent pandemic, hundreds of millions relied on overlooked technology platforms to access updated vaccination records and make informed decisions.

Over the past decade, Immunization Information Systems (IISs) have become essential public health tools across every state. These systems support clinical decision-making in clinics and pharmacies, helping to reduce both under- and over-vaccination.

According to a research article published by Expert Review of Vaccines on May 20, 2025, 36% of IISs operate nationally, 47.7% meet the U.S. CDC definition, and 17% are interoperable with personal health records.

And 11.7% provide direct access to vaccination data for vaccinees or their guardians.

Other key features include automated reminder systems for recipients and providers (12.1%), near real-time or real-time data entry (11%), the inclusion of demographic and socioeconomic data (16.7%), and the capacity to document vaccine refusal or hesitancy (10.2%).

These researchers say, 'IIS improves population-level surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Persistent data standardization, interoperability, and cost-effectiveness evaluation limitations must be addressed.'

'Strengthening these aspects is crucial to fully harness the potential of IISs in various healthcare settings, where enhanced vaccination tracking and targeting are most urgently needed.'

In many ways, IISs are similar to SureScripts, which was founded in 2001 by CEO Kein Hutcheson and Kurt Proctor.

Today, this innovative platform enables doctors and pharmacists to exchange e-prescribing information seamlessly. About 27.2 billion network transactions have been processed.

Another platform has been the backbone of IIS for several decades.

STC Health has collaborated with the CDC to set the national standards for state immunization registries since 1993. Over the years, STC's national immunization data exchange network has 50,000 + pharmacies to all IIS and managed 1 billion immunization events during the pandemic.

In the second half of 2025, these systems will continue providing access to international travelers' clinical data, helping AI applications determine which travel vaccine is needed for their next destination.

For example, new vaccines such as Valneva SE's IXCHIQ® chikungunya vaccine are now recommended when visiting outbreak areas in the Indian Ocean and South America.

As the former U.S. Secretary General Dr. C. Everett Koop once said, with better health information, providers and patients can effectively collaborate to 'take charge of your health.'

Sub Title:

SureScripts, STC Health and Immunization Information Systems empower effective pharmacy clinical decisions

Reference:

Immunization information systems’ implementation and characteristics across the world: a systematic review of the literature

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by Gerd Altmann

Aedes-borne Diseases Become Endemic in Europe

Karen McClorey Hackett — Mon, 26 May 2025 09:55:10 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

The diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, dengue and chikungunya, may soon become endemic in Europe as tiger mosquitoes have spread into northern countries.

A research article published by The Lancet Planetary Health in May 2025 quantifies the underlying drivers facilitating and accelerating Europe's transition from sporadic arbovirus outbreaks to Aedes-borne disease endemicity.

These researchers found that the mosquito's range has expanded from a single region in one country to 358 regions in 14 countries over the past three decades.

This study highlighted recent dengue outbreaks in Croatia, France, Italy, and Spain.

For example, over 300 dengue cases were recorded in Europe in 2024, compared to 275 over the previous 15 years.

And the higher mean temperatures during the summer months in urban or semi-urban regions were associated with increased risk.

Additionally, they found that higher imported cases and higher health-care expenditure per capita were associated with an increased risk of autochthonous outbreaks.

However, rain was not found to be a meaningful factor in Europe.

Jourdain and colleagues found that the Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry, hot summers and cool, wet winters in contrast to tropical climates. There was no statistically significant association between precipitation and autochthonous (local) transmission events in France.

This analysis's stark finding is that projections suggest an almost five-fold increase in dengue or chikungunya outbreaks by the 2060s relative to the 1990–2024 baseline period.

According to recent announcements by the U.S. CDC and European Medicines Agency, international travelers visiting at-risk areas in May 2025 should speak with a travel vaccine expert about immunization options.

Sub Title:

Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika viruses detected in France

Reference:

Impact of climate and Aedes albopictus establishment on dengue and chikungunya outbreaks in Europe: a time-to-event analysis

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The Lancet May 2025

Are French Open 2025 Tennis Fans At-Risk Chikungunya and Dengue

Karen McClorey Hackett — Sat, 24 May 2025 13:56:55 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

As the second step of the tennis Grand Slams gets underway at the Roland-Garros 2025 in Paris, France, international travelers are once again concerned about the impact of mosquito-transmitted diseases, chikungunya, dengue, and Zika.

Earlier in 2025, pro tennis events were held in countries with disease outbreaks in South America, such as Argentina and Brazil.

As of May 24, 2025, chikungunya, dengue, and Zika cases have been recently confirmed in France.

For example, chikungunya has been detected in France's southern area and has become a red-alert, outbreak-status in the Departments of Mayotte and Reunion.

These chikungunya outbreaks continue in late May, even with vaccination campaigns underway.

Last year in mainland France, 4,683 imported cases of dengue fever, 34 imported cases of chikungunya, eight imported cases of Zika, and one dengue-chikungunya co-infection were reported.

Eleven indigenous (local) dengue transmission episodes were identified for 83 indigenous cases. These episodes occurred in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (n=7), Occitanie (n=3) and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (n=1) regions.

An indigenous case of chikungunya was reported for the first time in Île-de-France, one year after the first indigenous focus of dengue transmission (n = 3 cases) in the Paris region was identified.

While France's Ministry of Health recommends vaccinations to prevent chikungunya and dengue, Roland-Garros 2025's leaders have not alerted their patrons of these health risks.

The tournament's website 'Prepare Your Visit' section does not disclose any infectious disease or vaccination-related information focused on Paris, southern France, or elsewhere.

While the actual health risk to tennis fans, players, and tournament staff is related to the volume of virus-carrying mosquitoes in the Paris area, it is advisable to speak with a travel vaccine expert before joining thousands of tennis fans cheering on their favorite player on the red clay courts in 2025.

Sub Title:

Paris France reported locally acquired Chikungunya and Dengue patients

Reference:

Chikungunya, dengue fever, and Zika in mainland France. 2024

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Public Health France May 2025

New Vaccine Recommendations Published

Karen McClorey Hackett — Mon, 19 May 2025 16:27:27 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) develops recommendations on how to use vaccines to control disease. Once adopted, these ACIP recommendations become the official policy of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

As of May 15, 2025, the CDC published a user-friendly listing of the last five ACIP meeting recommendations.

Recently, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. signed off on three vaccine recommendations passed last month by the ACIP. These actions include approvals for Chikungunya vaccines.

These approvals are essential to reduce the ongoing Chikungunya outbreaks in the Indian Ocean and the Region of the Americas.

Other ACIP recommendations related to a new meningococcal vaccine and RSV vaccines are pending as of May 19, 2025.

Additionally, to promote broader awareness, these recommendations are published in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

To learn about historical ACIP vaccine recommendations for various diseases, visit this CDC webpage.

Sub Title:

ACIP recommendations for three vaccine approved in May 2025

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from Pixabay 2025

Costa Rica's Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika Cases Curtailed

Karen McClorey Hackett — Sat, 05 Apr 2025 20:05:22 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

A popular destination in Central America is making headlines with positive news for those planning a summer getaway.

The Republic of Costa Rica, renowned for its breathtaking mountains and pristine beaches, welcomed around 1.7 million American visitors in 2024.

And the Costa Rican Tourism Institute says the number should increase this year.

While concerns about mosquito-borne illnesses such as chikungunya, dengue, malaria, and Zika have lingered over the past few years, a recent announcement from the Ministry of Health on April 4, 2025, brings a wave of relief.

The Ministry says dengue cases have plummeted by an impressive 69.5% (1,802 vs 5,909) in early 2025.

The reduced number of dengue cases reported this year is concentrated in the South Central region, with 804 cases, followed by the North Central and the Central Pacific regions.

Three other serious diseases have reported decreases in 2025.

Only seven cases of chikungunya have been reported so far this year. In 2024, about 405 chikungunya infections had been reported.

Six malaria cases have been confirmed this year as of April 2025. In 2024, 232 locally acquired malaria cases were reported in Costa Rica; 544 were confirmed in 2023.

Furthermore, Costa Rica has only reported four Zika cases as of April 2025, 32 for all of 2024.

One reason for these decreases is that the Ministry of Health's vector control teams have eliminated 341,771 mosquito breeding sites and fumigated 136,058 houses.

This week, the Ministry reminded residents and visitors to continue being vigilant in avoiding mosquito bites and urged them to cooperate with fumigation efforts.

Another reason could be related to vaccine availability.

The Ministry and the U.S. CDC recommend both routine and travel vaccines before visiting Costa Rica in 2025.

The good news is that chikungunya vaccines are available at travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S., while Dengue, Malaria, and Zika await U.S. FDA approval.

As these diseases decline, the safety of this tropical paradise reaffirms Costa Rica's top choice for travelers seeking a memorable, worry-free vacation this summer.

Sub Title:

Travel vaccinations recommended before visiting Costa Rica in 2025

Reference:

CR Health Surveillance Directorate, as of epidemiological week 12

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by Frank Ravizza

India - United Kingdom Travelers Infected with Chikungunya

Karen McClorey Hackett — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 21:46:45 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

In 2023, after the world reopened to international travel, residents of the United Kingdom made 86.2 million trips abroad, marking a 21% increase compared to 2022.

Unfortunately, many travelers returned home carrying mosquito-borne diseases.

A new report published on March 27, 2025, by the Travel Health and International Health Regulations team in the Epidemic and Emerging Infections Directorate, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), summarises case numbers of selected travel-associated infections reported in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (EWNI).

This analysis includes the trends of chikungunya, cholera, dengue, rickettsial infections, and Zika virus disease in 2024.

For example, in EWNI, 112 chikungunya cases (105 in England, four in Wales, and three in Northern Ireland) were reported in 2024, nearly 1.5 times the number reported in 2023.

The most significant proportion of cases in England was reported in London (41%).

In 2024, travel history was known for most cases, with the majority of these reporting travel to Southern Asia (88 cases, 80%), followed by South-Eastern Asia (11 cases).

The most frequently reported country of travel for chikungunya cases was India (66 cases).

EWNI cases of people who traveled to India reported traveling to several regions, including Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Delhi.

"Before you travel, check the TravelHealthPro website for the latest health advice on your destination, including any recommended vaccinations," Dr. Philip Veal, Consultant in Public Health at the UK Health Security Agency, stated in a related media release.

"Even if you've been to a country before, remember that you don't have the same level of protection against infections as permanent residents and are still at risk."

Both the UKHSA and the U.S. CDC recommend that people visiting a Chikungunya outbreak area in 2025 speak with a travel vaccine expert about approved vaccination options available at travel clinics and pharmacies.

Previously, the U.S. CDC has published Travel Health Advisories to alert people to this mosquito-transmitted disease. For example, a Level 2 Advisory was issued in 2025, regarding the Chikungunya outbreak on France's Réunion island.

And various countries in the Region of the Americas (Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Mexico) have already reported Chikungunya cases in 2025.

Sub Title:

Chikungunya infections confirmed in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland travelers

References:

Travel-associated infections in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2024

Cases reported in returning travellers across England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2024

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US CDC

Pharmacists Are Essential Vaccination Providers in 2025

Donald Hackett — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 20:59:59 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Often ranked as one of the most trusted healthcare providers, pharmacists are uniquely positioned to influence vaccination rates in the United States. Located within five miles of most Americas, digital pharmacists have become an ideal source of relevant vaccine information and related services, such as appointment-based vaccinations.

A recent report published on February 25, 2025, collated state-level research on pharmacist vaccination authority policies and analyzed state-level vaccination rates.

By examining these data, the report highlights differences in overall vaccination rates among states with varying restrictions on pharmacists' ability to prescribe and administer adult vaccinations independently.

This IQVIA Institute assessment also estimates the number of people who may not have received vaccinations due to their state policies based on relative differences in vaccination rates between these groups of states.

This analysis found lower average vaccination rates in states that require physician prescriptions rather than states that allow independent, statewide standing order (SSO) pharmacist vaccination.

If the vaccination rates for states that require protocols for pharmacists to administer vaccines were comparable to states that allow pharmacists to administer vaccines independently/through an SSO, around 534,000 additional people age 60+ may have received an RSV vaccine, 828,000 additional people age 18+ may have received a PCV20 vaccine, and 953,000 additional people age 50+ may have received a Shingles vaccine.

By shedding light on state regulations that limit pharmacists ' ability to provide immunizations, the findings intend to guide policymakers in making informed decisions to optimize pharmacists ' role in the adult immunization process.

IQVIA wrote that vaccination is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. It has been noted to significantly reduce mortality, disease, hospitalization, disability, and disparity.

Despite these benefits, adult immunization rates in the U.S. consistently fall short of public health goals.

Structural access barriers, such as limitations in vaccine availability and patient travel/time commitment, can serve as bottlenecks in vaccine uptake. While pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals in the U.S., states still vary in their policies on vaccine administration authority for pharmacists.

Therefore, it is essential to understand the variance and impact of state vaccination authority on vaccine uptake and where improvements can be made.

Additionally, with increasing international travel and rare disease outbreaks, speaking with a certified travel vaccine expert can save people time and money.

For example, various U.S. CDC Travel Health Advisories recommend that people visit a travel vaccine provider authorized to vaccinate against yellow fever before visiting disease-endemic areas such as Brazil.

Additionally, in 2025, most pharmacies gained authorization to deliver newly approved vaccines for newer mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as chikungunya.

With new leadership at U.S. government agencies deploying innovative strategies, pharmacists remain the optimal main-street vaccine provider to increase trust in the health system.

Sub Title:

Vaccination rates increase with pharmacist integration

References:

Assessing the Impact of State Pharmacist Vaccination Authority on Vaccine Uptake in the U.S.

US CDC Travel Vaccines

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IQVIA Institute 2025

Travel Destinations to Watch Report Updated for 2025

Karen McClorey Hackett — Thu, 09 Jan 2025 18:00:27 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Following a measurable increase last year, 2025 looks set to be a promising year for international travel. About 1.4 billion passengers were expected to fly abroad in 2024.

Today, the trade association for UK travel agents, ABTA, published its Destinations to Watch 2025 report. This report empowers international travelers with ideas and inspiration to explore lesser-known places or discover new perspectives on familiar places.

ABTA's data, published on January 8, 2025, shows that 68% of people intend to take an overseas holiday in 2025.

Many people are open to exploring new places. Forty-five percent, up from 41 percent last year, say they will likely visit a country they haven't visited before next year.

About 60% of middle-aged people also want to visit a new city.

According to this new report, beach and city breaks remain the most popular types of trips (48% and 45%, respectively), but people enjoy many holidays.

There is a strong demand for countryside breaks (27%), multi-destination trips (18%), visits to lakes and mountains (17%), adventure holidays (15%), and cruises (14%).

The ABTA says pre-holiday preparation is essential wherever you're heading on your next overseas adventure.

To protect against travel-related diseases, the UK and U.S. CDC issue travel advisories highlighting active outbreaks and vaccination options. However, recent research shows millions of people are not appropriately vaccinated before visiting disease-endemic countries.

In 2024, significant outbreaks of chikungunya and dengue caught many unvaccinated travelers by surprise.

For example, travel-related and locally acquired dengue virus was confirmed when visiting southeast Florida last year.

Furthermore, last-minute travelers deferred about 18% of protective vaccines because they had insufficient time before departure.

In the United States, travel vaccines are offered at special clinics and pharmacies in 2025.

Note: This headline was updated on Jan. 10, 2025.

Sub Title:

Chikungunya and dengue Outbreaks in 2024 caught many unvaccinated travelers by surprise

References:

ABTA DESTINATIONS TO WATCH 2025

Characteristics and preparation of the last-minute traveler

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DESTINATIONS TO WATCH 2025

Brazil's Extensive Chikungunya Outbreak Impacted by Virus Genotype Adaptation

Karen McClorey Hackett — Fri, 27 Dec 2024 17:30:12 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

While over 100 countries have reported Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreaks in 2024, new research indicates measurable genetic differences could be affecting countries differently, such as Brazil and France's La Réunion.

Published by Frontiers Public Health on December 10, 2024, a Review Article stated that CHIKV is mainly transmitted by the invasive mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

However, the virus's genetic adaptations to the peridomestic mosquito vector Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus have enhanced vector competence and associated epidemics.

This finding may contribute to the further geographic expansion of sub-lineage CHIKV.

This review of the CHIKV genotypes circulating in Brazil, the spatial and temporal distribution of Chikungunya cases in Brazil, and susceptibility to infection and transmission of Ae. albopictus for CHIKV focused on understanding the relative contribution to outbreak dynamics.

These insights are essential as Brazil has reported 416,087 CHIKV cases and 211 related fatalities as of week #53 in 2024.

In Brazil, the mid-sized city of São José do Rio Preto in northwestern São Paulo state is considered hyperendemic for arboviral diseases such as Chikungunya. A new study reported on December 6, 2024 that the number of CHIKV cases in this Brazilian state has significantly increased in recent years.

Furthermore, São Paulo remains Brazil's most internationally visited state, with over one million visitors, many of whom arrive from the United States.

These researchers wrote, 'Although CHIKV is generally transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, the outbreak that occurred in La Réunion island was caused by Ae. albopictus, which acted as the primary vector due to the ECSA CHIKV genotype adaptation to this vector, as the E1-A226V, resulted in a dramatic increase in this clade's infectivity.

As a result of the increased viral fitness and vector competence, the virus transmission spread to temperate areas and caused epidemics in regions that lack the typical vector, Ae. aegypti.

The emergence of the E1-A226V mutated CHIKV during the La Reunion outbreak is a well-characterized example of how a single nucleotide mutation in a virus may lead to a new epidemiological scenario given specific ecological conditions.'

The complete, unedited article is posted at this link.

Several governments approved using an innovative vaccine in 2023 to curtail future CHIKV outbreaks. As 2024 comes to a close, Valneva SE's IXCHIQ® chikungunya vaccine is recommended for international travelers.

IXCHIQ is available at travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S.

Sub Title:

Chikungunya virus E1-A226V mutation enhances transmission dynamics

References:

Spatial–temporal distribution of chikungunya virus in Brazil

Chikungunya in Reunion in 2024

Entomological surveillance during a major CHIKV outbreak in northwestern 2 São Paulo

Chikungunya viruses containing the A226V mutation

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Google Maps Dec. 27, 2024

Caribbean Island Vacationers Infected with Chikungunya, Dengue, Oropouche, and Zika Viruses

Karen McClorey Hackett — Thu, 26 Dec 2024 16:02:06 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

This year, there has been a rise in mosquito and insect-borne infections in the Caribbean, prompting many vacationers to seek preventive vaccines for chikungunya (10), dengue (105k), Oropouche virus, and Zika (16) virus diseases.

Countries like Grenada, Barbados, Saint Martin, and the Virgin Islands have reported chikungunya cases in the Caribbean region. And zika cases continue in Puerto Rico in 2024.

According to the UK's government's travel site, it is essential to seek urgent medical advice if you experience symptoms such as a high fever, severe headache, or rash within two weeks of returning from the Caribbean.

Be sure to inform your healthcare provider which Caribbean countries you recently visited.

On December 24, 2024, the UK Health Security Agency wrote that healthcare professionals should consider the possibility of mosquito- or insect-spread diseases in a returning traveler who has recently visited the Caribbean and presents with a fever or flu-like illness. A complete travel/clinical history may be needed to determine which virus impacts the patient.

Furthermore, if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, remember to follow current advice about avoiding the sexual transmission of Oropouche and Zika viruses.

To keep international travelers informed of health risks, the U.S. CDC posts various vaccine recommendations, and the U.S. Department of State publishes various travel advice.

As of December 26, 2024, of these highlighted diseases, only Valneva SE's IXCHIQ® Chikungunya vaccine is available at travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S.

Sub Title:

Travel vaccines protect people from mosquito transmitted diseases

Reference:

Mosquito and insect spread infections in the Caribbean

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by Michelle Raponi

Europe's Vaccine Development Pipeline Tackles Today and Tomorrow's Challenges

Karen McClorey Hackett — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 20:18:00 +0000

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccines Europe recently conducted a pipeline review of its member companies, revealing numerous vaccine innovations in development, including candidates that will protect international travelers.

In today's interconnected world, international travel increases the risk of spreading infectious diseases. According to an analysis, between 42% and 79% of travelers to low—and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-associated disease.

Over the past 20 years in Europe, mosquito-transmitted arboviruses Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever have been on an upward trend in causing diseases. In 2024, Dengue and Chikungunya cases were identified in new European areas.

A new review, published in December 2024, shows a promising vaccine candidate pipeline that plans on tackling today's and tomorrow's challenges, including those that will protect international travelers.

According to Vaccines Europe, member companies across 12 different technology platforms have 98 vaccines in development, 80% of these vaccine candidates for adults.

As an introduction for this review, Sibilia Quilici, MBA, MSc, Executive Director of Vaccines Europe, wrote, The vaccine industry continues to evolve in response to the dynamic global health landscape, with innovation at its core.

From pioneering new vaccine technologies to expanding the scope of immunization strategies, the current pipeline reflects a commitment to saving as many lives as possible from dangerous infectious diseases. These advancements are not just about responding to immediate health threats but are also vital for sustaining the EU's long-term economic stability and competitiveness on the global stage.

Central to this vision is the concept of life-course immunization.

By protecting health at every stage of life, from infancy through adulthood to older age, populations can remain healthy, productive, and less susceptible to preventable diseases.

Lifecourse immunization is not only a public health priority but an economic necessity. Preventing disease across all age groups can reduce healthcare costs, maintain workforce productivity, and ensure a healthier, more resilient society. Vaccination targets the root causes of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by reducing antimicrobial use and misuse.

According to a report by the World Health Organization, increasing the coverage of existing vaccines could prevent an additional 106,000 deaths linked to AMR annually, and developing new vaccines could save an extra 543,000 lives.

This review highlights the innovative approaches and collaborative efforts shaping the future of European vaccination. It underscores the importance of remaining competitive through cutting-edge research and streamlined and harmonized regulatory and access processes across the EU and its Member States.

Quilici wrote that by championing life-course immunization and fostering an innovative environment, we can ensure that Europe remains at the forefront of global health and economic prosperity.

The unedited, full review is posted at this link.

Sub Title:

Lifecourse immunization is a public health priority and economic necessity

References:

Vaccine Europe 2024

98 innovative vaccines in development by Vaccines Europe members

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Vaccines Europe pipeline review 2024